anthopolgy - 2335 Words

Topic 1: Introduction to Anthropology and Culture Kottak, questions from chapter 1, 13 DVD questions from chapters 1, 2, and 3 Kottak Chapter 1 1. What do you think is unique about anthropology: its holism or its comparative perspective? Can you think of other fields that holistic and/or comparative? I think that holism is a unique part of anthropology because it’s the study of the whole human condition: the past, present, and the future. It’s also about the biology, society, language, and culture of the humans. I think it’s unique because it covers all the aspects of the human life. I think sociology is a field that is holistic because it deals with social relations, organizations, and behaviors. 2. What are some areas in†¦show more content†¦One issue that has been hard to comprehend is the covering up of the face by the women in the Middle East. It’s very hot over there and if anything I would think they would want less clothes on their bodies. DVD Chapter 1 1. How did the farming techniques of the Batak differ from those of their non Batak referred as â€Å"Christianos†? Christianos used the slash and burn technique which is done to the surrounding forest. This farming technique is harmful to the environment even though it is faster and more efficient with it covering big kaingens. The Batak make small scattered kaingens without clearing all of the brush the farming method is not harmful to the environment. 2. For what specific reasons did Hariban Palawan, the conservationist group, want to work with Batak? Were the Batak immediately accepting of them? The Hariban Palawan conservationist group wanted to work with the Batak so they can preserve the forest that was left. They shared the same goal but it took the Batak a long time to trust the conservationist group 3. One of the ways in which anthropology has broadened its horizons is by demonstrating the values that other people’s cultures and ways of life may have for the wider world. What can the Batak offer the world? The Batak are able to offer the world a way to utilize resources without destroying them. In other words being more environmentally friendly. DVD chapter

Incarcerating the Elderly - 2547 Words

The issue being discussed in this paper will be â€Å"the issue of the ‘graying’ of the American prison and parole population and the unique problems that elderly prisoners face while incarcerated and subsequent to release† (Stojkovic, 2007, pg. 98). Incarceration of elderly criminals is a highly debated topic in criminal justice. The definition of elderly criminal in this case will be a person 60 years or older that commits a criminal offense. This is not a new topic; however, there is not a lot of research conducted on elderly offenders. There are many arguments as to whether these elderly criminals should be treated the same as younger criminals and whether it is cost effective to put the elderly in prison. This paper will discuss the pros†¦show more content†¦Many of these elderly prisoners don’t have much to go back to in the real world (Le Mesurier, 2011). They have lost their homes, families, friends, and sense of belonging (Le Mesurier, 2 011). Without the adequate support that an elderly persons needs out in the world, they are at risk of social exclusion and for re-offending. Leaving the prison for an elderly person that has been locked up behind bars for many years would be huge challenge. Every person in prison receives adequate health treatment and proper care. Finding the proper treatment and care outside of prison can be a tough. The elderly offender most of the time will not have a stable and welcoming environment to go back into and might re-offend again to support himself. Without being able to find a job and steady pay the offender will have a tough time supporting himself. As discussed in class, most offenders in Prison are there for punishment and don’t get the adequate treatment they need and are still considered as violent, if not even more than when they first entered the prison. During their time in prison, the offenders are not getting the adequate rehabilitation that they need and will stil l be released as violent and criminal as when they first entered. Being in Prison for so many years, with other criminals can teach the offender to be even more violent and brutalShow MoreRelatedPrisoners with Special Needs917 Words   |  4 Pagesin a standard incarceration facility. When we look at offenders that have a learning disability or mental handicaps or offenders that are substance abusers, special care in incarceration and rehabilitation methods should be involved. By just incarcerating these individuals you are not setting them up for a successful and cost effective way of rehabilitation. Counseling, treatment, and various interventions strategies help in giving these offenders with special need the care they need while at theRead MoreThe Incarceration Of Women Prisons1298 Words   |  6 Pagessuccumbing to ailments. Changes needed to laws and courts. Definitely, there is a need for change in laws. The drug barons are rarely identified. Those caught up and incarcerated are street vendors and to make matters worse even innocent people. Incarcerating the small players has been of no benefit since these drug lords know how to keep their business thriving by getting other street vendors into the distribution ends. It has led to mass imprisonment thus becoming costly to the state while not assuringRead MoreElderly Parole Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesParole for the Elderly Tynesha Wilson CJHS 430 November 17, 2014 Christopher Abreu Parole for the Elderly There are many arguments for and against confining the sick and elderly adults in jail. Some of the arguments include but are not limited to the cost to house these inmates (elderly and sick), monies used to house these inmates could be used to fund other programs, where will these inmates go once they are released, the reduction of overcrowding in the prison system, may increase crimeRead MoreSolving The Problem Of An Aging Prison Population1250 Words   |  5 Pagesincreased health care services and sometimes require assistance conducting mundane daily tasks such as bathing, dressing and eating. Older prisoners require assistance just as the elderly may require assistance as a hospice. The costs of these additional requirements result in a substantial increase in incarcerating elderly prisoners. Since the goal of corrections is to rehabilitate and release inmates back into society, the health care required for prisoners on the inside will also be required uponRead MoreHow The Fut ure Will Judge Us?1215 Words   |  5 PagesPhilanthropy-Learning To Give Disconnecting elderly folks from their families and incarcerating every person who commits crime without thinking logically: Is this what modernization and our teachings adds up to? Is it even fair that human beings are taught to do these things to us from the very beginning of our educational lives? Kwame Anthony Appiah discusses several points in â€Å"How The Future Will Judge Us?† that he believes are negatively affecting our society in terms of how we treat people directlyRead MoreNo Point Of The Three Strikes Legislation1197 Words   |  5 Pagesthe prisoner is sentenced to 25 years, it costs $1.1 million. A life sentence, starting at age 43 and the inmate dying at 82 costs $1.8 million per inmate. This figure is before taking account of medical costs of an elderly prisoner. With the current â€Å"third-strike† inmates, incarcerating them will cost a minimum of 10 billion dollars in the next 25 years (Males, 2011). â€Å"If the cost of incarceration is high, a twenty-five years to life sentence for a nonviolent offender is difficult to justify unlessRead MoreFraud : An Intentional Act1384 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment assistance fraud, when it occurs, it means that not only the government loses finances (Einstein Law, 2016). Also, the activities that were intended to be performed to the needy citizens are stopped or fail to be executed. The poor, disabled, elderly and other people requiring assistance from the government continue suffering at the expense of a few greedy civil servants who are benefitting from government assistance finances. Besides, the state gets swindled of taxpayer’s money through governmentRead MorePrison Overcrowding Is A Serious Problem1448 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals with sobriety and keeps them away from the drug-related activities. Sending drug addicts to prison does not cure them of their diseases; it only makes their addiction worse because of the easy access to drugs inside the prisons. Inc arcerating drug abusers also brings more drugs inside the prisons and puts other criminals at risk of becoming drug addicts. Although these drug addicts are considered criminals because they have broken the law, it would be more sensible to get those individualsRead MoreThe Issue Of The Criminal Justice Correctional System4492 Words   |  18 Pagesthe different types of offenders they house and reexamine their living arrangements in order to prevent overpopulation, save money, and most importantly, decrease recidivism. This paper examines how properly managing male, female, pregnant, and elderly inmates can be a solution to a lot of the correctional systems current problems. Also discussed are the reasons why people choose to commit crimes. The general strain theory has been a well-known approach to understanding the cause of crime. AnotherRead MoreJunenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesregardless of age. Deterrence is believed to be the best approach to punishment, because the belief is that if the offender is incarcerated the ability to commit more crimes is erased. Crimes such as rape of other juveniles, aggravated assault on elderly and helpless victims, and murders are being committed by perpetrators as young as 13. Juvenile offender under with long criminal records which result in small if any punishments can develop a false sense of operating above the law, with the defiant

Voluntary Organizations and Public Service Delivery

Question: Discuss about the Voluntary Organizations and Public Service Delivery. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on critically analyzing the Corporations Act of 2001 regarding protection available to whistleblowers. It also requires evaluating whether adequate protections are available in the Corporations Act of 2001 for the whistleblowers. Further, the report also focuses on evaluating the policies associated to whistleblower protection along the Corporations Act of 2001 adequately meet the different international standards. The report further focuses on identifying effective recommendations and reforms that would encourage the whistleblowers from rendering information associated with Corporate Crime. Finally, the paper would highlight on the different new reforms that are considered to be effective by the Commonwealth Government for protecting whistleblowers. Protection Available to Whistleblowers The Corporations Act of 2001 in Australia renders the following protections to whistleblowers. Firstly, the law identifies the information rendered by the whistleblowers in different corporations as protected disclosure and thereby consciously acts in keeping the matter confidential in nature. The Corporations Act in addition to concealing the information also focuses on not disclosing the identity of the whistleblower if not that the disclosure is made authorized or mandatory by any other law operating in the region(Griffin Moorhead, 2013). Secondly, the Corporations Act of 2001 also aims in protecting the whistleblowers from facing any type of litigation issues whether civil or criminal in nature. Again, the cases of protected disclosures are also rendered further protection under the Corporations Act of 2001 from issues pertaining to breach of contract. Thus, the whistleblowers that get involved in actions associated with disclosing of private and protected information of any organization, such whistleblowers may seek refuge under the Corporations Act. Again, in cases where the employer of a firm has terminated a whistleblower owing to the actions undertaken by the individual for disclosing protected information, the Corporations Act of 2001 appeals to the court of law for reinstating the person in the same or an equal post (Smart Paulsen, 2011). Thirdly, the Corporations Act of 2001 reinforces the protection rendered to the whistleblowers through the generation of a criminal offence on individuals like employers or managers that tend to victimize the whistleblower for disclosing protected information. Further, in cases where the whistleblower is observed to have suffered damages or has been victimized by offenders owing to the act of disclosure, the Corporations Act of 2001 rightly encourages the whistleblower to claim needed amount of compensation from the offenders. The legislation however can be enforced only where the case of victimization is proved to be the outcome of disclosure of protected information and not associated to some other issues. The Corporations Act of 2001 regarding the act of claiming of compensation by whistleblowers however does not authorize the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) to act on behalf of the former. The whistleblowers are potentially encouraged by the Corporations Act for seeking of legal advice in an independent fashion(ASIC, 2016). Critical Appraisal of the Protections The critical appraisal of the whistleblower protection policy as rendered by the Corporations Act of 2001 in Australia would be carried out based on the protection measures outlined under the G20 Summit during 2011. The OECD Guidelines reflect that protectionist measures can be undertaken for the whistleblower provided that the individual has disclosed information based on both good faith and also in a reasonable fashion. The courts based in South Africa focus on evaluating and analyzing the motive of the whistleblower in disclosing the information before generating needed protection. Here, the employer is required to prove before the court of law that the individual has disclosed the information not in good faith but on a personal motive (Al-Bastaki, 2013). On the failure of proving the disclosure of information conducted on a personal motive the same is undertaken by the court as that conducted on good faith and thereby protection is rendered to the whistleblower. This legislation also follows that individuals involved with the practice of rendering false statements and manipulating information before disclosing such would not be protected. Some legislation in countries like Korea also imposes a penalty on individuals involved in making false disclosures (Cunningham James, 2012). Further, the OECD principles also indicate on the non-loophole policy such that protection for whistleblowers needs to encompass external agents like contractors, applicants for different job titles, family members of employees and also other unemployed individuals. The above type of protection policy is viewed as holistic in nature and thereby aims to protect both the internal and external whistleblower groups. The protection policy for whistleblowers as outlined by OECD is also required to identify the different types of disclosures pertaining to different issues that are needed to be ideally protected. It thus needs to define the scope of protection for whistleblowers both in private and public organizations. The protectionist policy regarding whistleblowers is also argued to encompass the different ways for countering and also combating the corruption activities that are identified to have taken place in firms. Similarly, it is also required to effectively underline the manner in which the criminal activities are required to be reported by the whistleblowers. The protectionist policies for whistleblowers are also required to rightly reflect on the different types of employment associated protectionist measures that need to be undertaken reducing the chances of them being penalized by higher organizational authorities (Flynn, 2012). The reporting policies for whistleblowers for disclosing of confidential and concealed information is also required to be carried out along different tiers both within and also outside the firm. The disclosures carried out by the whistleblowers are required to be ideally divided along three main tiers like generation of internal disclosures to the employer and the management of the organization, regulatory disclosures to governing bodies and authorities and finally wider amount of disclosures to the general public, police and media groups. Reporting needed to be carried out along the different tiers require the existence of different amount of protection policies that in turn contribute in encouraging the whistleblowers for carrying out future reporting activities in an extensive fashion. The decision regarding disclosing of such information to the different stakeholder groups are required to be taken on a priority basis based on an evaluation of the impact levels (Bach Kessler, 201 1). Some G20 Countries like Indonesia and Korea to facilitate the concealment of the identity of whistleblowers are observed to generate separate hotline numbers. The whistleblowers other than focusing on the generation of reports can disclose the information to the needed parties through the use of the hotline numbers. The same helps in easy disclosure of the information while also enhance the level of confidentiality of the whistleblowers. Further, whistleblowing protectionist policies practiced in different countries like Canada, Korea and United States also lay stress on the creation of an Ombudsman that would take care of the disciplinary problems faced by the whistleblowers on account of the disclosures. The office of the Ombudsman independently focuses on conducting an investigation on cases of complaints rendered by both the whistleblowers and employers and thereby take appropriate steps for ceasing of unwanted practices. Similarly, the Ombudsman can also focus on helping the whi stleblower in adequately reporting the disclosures and generate another body that can reward and encourage the whistleblowers for taking of future actions (Zhao, 2014). In both countries, United Kingdom and United States legislations have been generated for development of an Employment Tribunal that lends a fair and impartial ear to listen to the appeals rendered by the whistleblowers. The same helps the employees acting as whistleblowers to appeal before the tribunal and the court of law regarding the penalties and infringements faced by them on accounting of making such disclosures. The same contributes in development of a sense of trust and confidence in the minds of the whistleblowers such that they can focus on carrying out future whistleblowing events in cases of need. The protectionist measures regarding whistleblowers are also required to encompass the clause of rendering of financial compensation as salaries and also the charges to fight legal cases that are faced by the whistleblowers on account of making disclosures. G20 Countries like United Kingdom and South Africa contribute in drafting legislations for helping the whistleblowers gain adequate amount of financial compensations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act or OSHA in United States and similar legislations in France rightly informs and encourages the employees to have needed knowledge regarding the rights and power of the whistleblowers (Leisink, Boselie, Hosking, Bottenburg, 2013). The same contributes in generating needed awareness among the employees in undertaking of whistleblowing activities in the long run and also helps the business organizations refrain from getting involved in unwanted issues and acts. Legislations concerning whistleblower protection also r equire the use of systems for recording and synchronization of information collected from different whistleblowers. The same would contribute in serving as an effective directory for supporting the whistleblowers in their courses of action. Similarly, surveys can also be carried out of different whistleblowers where they can be encouraged to state and share in a transparent fashion their whistleblowing experiences and the courses of action taken thereof to counter emerging difficulties. The same would serve as guiding mechanisms for future whistleblowers and thereby help them in taking needed protectionist measures(OECD, 2011). Reforms for Encouraging and Protecting Whistleblowers Evaluations of the existing whistleblower protection policies by high profile senate members reflect the need for generating potential reforms for encouraging the whistleblowers in reporting corporate crime and other corruptive practices. Recommendations are being put by the senate committee for rendering of incentives and rewards to the whistleblowers and also regarding generation of effective shields for protecting the whistleblowers from being victimized. Further, protection measures are also being focused on being taken for protecting the action of the whistleblowers pertaining to their contacting trade union bodies, political parties and also media for event of disclosures. The high profile member committee also stated that the whistleblower policy followed and implemented by the public sector organizations in Australia also need to be rightly followed by the private sector firms (Re'em, 2011). The senate also evaluated that the legislations relating to protection of whistleblow ers practiced in Australia have reduced potential compared to other whistleblower protection legislations in other OECD countries like United States and United Kingdom. Evaluations carried out by the committee reflected that no organization or group or individual was ever prosecuted on grounds for victimizing and penalizing the whistleblowers for their actions (IOD, 2013). The committee stated that no such choice can be forced upon individuals relating to the carrying out of whistleblowing practices and gaining effective positions in organizations and financial wellbeing. The current legislations associated to whistleblower protection are also observed to suffer from a serious problem wherein it fails to protect and conceal documents that contain information pertaining to the whistleblower (Battaglio, 2014). In terms of compensation, the Chairman of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) mentioned in a parliamentary enquiry that lifetime compensation is required to be rendered to the whistleblowers that have potentially risked their careers for disclosing of corporate misconducts. Likewise, in United States rewards are formulated for whistleblowers that account for 30 percent of the total amount collected in terms of penalty and through other legal conducts(Ferguson Williams, 2016). Another case of reform that is planned to be incorporated for development of the policies regarding whistleblower protection is identified by the Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD). The recommendations rendered by AICD focus on extending the whistleblower protection to cover different stakeholders like ex-officers and directors, contractual staffs, contractors, accountants and also auditors. Further, AICD also reflects that protection for whistleblowers involved in making disclosures are needed to be carried out based on incorporating a lawyer. Incorporation of legal standards and suggestions would contribute in making the whistleblower protection policies ideally match international standards (Battaglio, 2014). Similarly, AICD also focuses on discouraging the companies from victimizing, penalizing and also in discriminating the whistleblowers through the generation of increased amount of penalties. AICD however requires that the whistleblowing activities are needed to be carried out in good faith. The whistleblowers are thereby required to pass the motivation test where they are required to ideally prove that they have a single motivation in whistleblowing wrong doings conducted in companies. In the current period, AICD however has focused on replacing the parameter of good faith with reasonable evidences for making the disclosure to ideally qualify for rendering protection (GAICD, 2017). Further, the reform process also focuses on generating protection to third party stakeholders like parliamentary members and also the media companies involved in making the disclosure. The AICD also recognizes in protecting the whistleblowers that are found to have exhausted the formal channels and rather focus on involving the media and parliamentary members in making further disclosures of corporate crime. Again, the AICD also focuses on incorporating financial incentives to encourage the whistleblowers to bring salient information to the regulatory committees . The generation of financial incentives to whistleblowers though approved in United States as bounties would require greater time to be approved in Australia(GAICD, 2017). The protection policy for whistleblowers as existing in Australia needs to be further revised for helping the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) to get further information for conducting its investigations. The ASIC has earlier recommended that the whistleblower protection policy can be further extended to include previous employees and also other types of advisers. Further, it focuses on increasing the different types of protection policies to the disclosures made and also implying further legislations to govern the misconducts and corporate crimes. In addition, ASIC also requires gaining needed power to restrain the publication of such documents that would in turn contribute in exposing the identity of the whistleblower (Leisink, Boselie, Hosking, Bottenburg, 2013). Reforms considered by Commonwealth Government The Commonwealth Government during the winter season sittings of 2013 undertook several considerations pertaining to the whistleblower protection policy. The Commonwealth Government considered that conduct of the whistleblowers tends to be disclosable such that the same reflects wrong doings or misconducts within the public sector. The government however also considered that conduct of the whistleblower cannot be disclosed where the same is associated with political or financial matters such that the same fails to be disagreed by the individual involved in making the disclosures. It thus reflects that the new legislation passed in by the Commonwealth Government does not encourage endeavors undertaken by individuals for helping in agitating political grievances. The Commonwealth Government also considered an effective reform wherein the whistleblowers can make direct disclosures to their immediate supervisors and to the disclosure officer of the institution (Flynn, 2012). Further, in addition in making internal disclosures the whistleblowers are also encouraged by the Commonwealth Government in making external disclosures to the media companies and the parliamentary members provided the same fulfills certain specific conditions. The new legislation focuses on generating needed protection to whistleblowers in making external disclosures such that where it has found that the level of internal disclosures carried out by the whistleblower in the first place were inadequate in nature (Ferguson Williams, 2016). Further, considerations were undertaken by the Commonwealth Government associated to emergency disclosures. Disclosures are identified to fall under the emergency category where potential dangers were felt to be highly imminent to the health and safety to workers and society and also in broadly affecting the natural environment. In such cases, the provisions relate that the whistleblower can pass on the activity of the internal disclosures and thereby can dire ctly make the disclosures public based on approaching the media companies and the regulatory authorities (Alexander, 2011). An Ombudsman Office is required to be ideally designed by the Commonwealth Government that would help in guiding and also in assisting the different agencies in making the disclosures. Further, the Ombudsman Office is also required to effectively oversee that the disclosures made by the whistleblowers ideally match and follow the different legislations. The Ombudsman Office of the Commonwealth Government is also required to oversee the functions of the different agencies and also evaluate whether the disclosures made by them ideally match the legislations (Battaglio, 2014). Similarly, the Ombudsman is also required to provide annual reports to the parliamentary committee pertaining to the event of disclosures carried out by the different agencies. Another important provision rendered by the Commonwealth Government is that the different intelligence agencies inv olved in making the disclosures are required to be governed by the Inspector General of Intelligence and Security. However, the intelligence agencies are not permitted by the new provisions in making external disclosures (Company Law solutions Limited, 2014). The passing of new legislations has been significantly welcomed and is also viewed as a holistic framework for making of public interest disclosures in the Commonwealth Government setting. The Coalition parties in Australia potentially supported the passing of the legislations in the Australian Parliament and rightly agreed that the amendments made by the government authorities would rightly contribute in making tighter and effective schemes (Neilsen, 2013). The Public Interest Disclosure Act or the PID Act passed during 2013 focuses on encouraging and facilitating effective disclosure of needed information by public authorities pertaining to wrong conducts conducted within the public sector. Further, the legislation is to ensure that the public officials that are involved in making disclosures of misconducts pertaining to public enterprises are required to be rightly protected from emergence of adverse consequences. Finally, the PID Act of 2013 also requires that the disclosures made by government or public authorities are required to be potentially investigated and effectively dealt with in by the government or public institutions (The Australian Collaboration , 2015). The legislation also reflects greater immunity and protection from disciplinary action of the officials that were involved in reporting of misconducts and wrongdoings by public sector enterprises based along the Commonwealth region. The Ombudsman office of the Commonweal th is largely responsible for generating needed awareness and knowledge about the PID Act of 2013 (Fung, 2014). The Act has rolled the domain of the investigator and protector under the body of the Ombudsman. Further, the whistleblower policy of Commonwealth Australia identified that the existing whistleblower policy does not cover the wrongdoings conducted by the private sector, intelligence authorities and also by other politicians (The Australian Collaboration , 2015). Conclusions The report ideally evaluates the Corporations Act of 2001 in Australia pertaining to the different types of protections that are required to be generated for protecting the whistleblowers. The report reflected large number of gaps in the Corporations Act of 2001 compared to OECD Regulations regarding the protection of whistleblowers. Similarly, the report also highlighted on the different reforms rendered by both ASIC and Commonwealth Government for enhancing the protection of whistleblowers. References Al-Bastaki, Y. (2013). Building a Competitive Public Sector with Knowledge Management Strategy. United Kingdom : IGI Global. Alexander, J. (2011). Performance Dashboards and Analysis for Value Creation. United Kingdom : Joh Wiley and Sons. ASIC. (2016). Guidance for whistleblowers. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/asic-investigations-and-enforcement/whistleblowing/guidance-for-whistleblowers/#Protectionsforwhistleblowersfromvictimis Bach, S., Kessler, I. (2011). The Modernisation of the Public Services and Employee Relations: Targeted Change. London : Palgrave Macmillan. Battaglio, R. P. (2014). Public Human Resource Management: Strategies and Practices in the 21st Century. United States : CQ Press. Company Law solutions Limited. (2014). What rights does a shareholder have? Retrieved June 2, 2014, from www.companylawclub.co.uk: https://www.companylawclub.co.uk/topics/what_rights_does_a_shareholder_have.shtml Cunningham, I., James, P. (2012). Voluntary Organizations and Public Service Delivery. New York: Routledge. Ferguson, A., Williams, R. (2016). Calls for reform to weak whistleblower protections. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/calls-for-reform-to-weak-whistleblower-protections-20160421-gobnnp.html Flynn, N. (2012). Public Sector Management. London: SAGE. Fung, B. (2014). The Demand and Need for Transparency and Disclosure in Corporate Governance. Universal Journal of Management , 72-80. GAICD, L. R. (2017). Why Australia needs better protection for whistleblowers. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/membership/membership-update/why-australia-needs-better-protection-for-whistleblowers Griffin, R., Moorhead, G. (2013). Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. United States : Cengage Learning. IOD. (2013, April 10). UK Corporate Governance Code. Retrieved June 2, 2014, from www.iod.com: https://www.iod.com/guidance/briefings/cgbis-uk-corporate-governance-code#principles Leisink, P., Boselie, P., Hosking, D. M., Bottenburg, M. v. (2013). Managing Social Issues: A Public Values Perspective. London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Neilsen, M. A. (2013). Historic new whistleblower protection laws. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2013/July/Historic_new_whistleblower_protection_laws OECD. (2011). G20 Anti-Corruption ACtion plAn Protection of Whistleblowers. United States : OECD. Re'em, Y. (2011). Motivating Public Sector Employees. Working Papers, No. 60 (pp. 1-50). Hertie School of Governance. Smart, J. C., Paulsen, M. B. (2011). Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research: Volume 26. United Kingdom: Springer Science Business Media. The Australian Collaboration . (2015). Democracy in Australia Protection of whistleblowers. Sydney: The Australian Collaboration . Zhao, J. (2014). Organizational Innovation and IT Governance in Emerging Economies. London: IGI Global.

Shockwave Rider By Brunner Essays - Haflinger, The Shockwave Rider

Shockwave Rider By Brunner There are numerous books on the science fiction market, that deal with the myriad of possibilities involving the technology of the future. John Brunner's book, "Shockwave Rider," is one of the most popular, as well as one of the most famous, books dealing with this issue. Brunner presents many different realities to the reader, and they are all potentially very realistic in terms of the current state of technology. For the most part, Brunner seems to illustrate that technology, as it relates to the world wide datanet, is a good thing. This is not to say that he does not illustrate it as a very negative reality in the world he presents to the reader, but he does indicate that the world wide datanet and technology has great potential to make the world a better place for all concerned. In Brunner's book we have a reality that is incredibly tense, and almost plausible today. The space that the author deals with is filled with endless bits of information (information overload to be more precise), corporate domination, and it appears, just like many science fiction books that deal with the planet earth in the future, everything is known about everyone. there are no secrets from the system. Brunner illustrates this as a reality that is not necessarily very desirable. He plants a character, Nickie Haflinger, onto the scene. As with many books we can look at this character and see the author within. Haflinger is a prodigy whose talents allow him to switch identities with a simple phone call. By the advanced technology and the ingenuity that is completely Haflinger's, we see that the author is not one to be content with the realities that may be a possibility in the future of technology. Brunner clearly illustrates, by the previous description of Haflinger, that technology and the advances within that field, are incredibly beneficial, or they can be. but he is clearly unhappy with the way things have turned out due to the controlling nature of the governments. This is further illustrated in the fact that Brunner's hero is a young man who is bent on changing the world. He struggles to evade the officials and uses all skills available to him, whether inherent skills or technological ones, to the best of his ability, to put an end to the misuse of power that is so much a part of his world which involves the entity of the world wide datanet. Perhaps, one of the most insightful parts of the book comes in the first half, when Haflinger is experiencing flashbacks due to interrogations. It is in these sections that we see the inner mind of Brunner as he deflty illustrates the world and mind of Haflinger. In this part we see many different ethical arguments arise between Haflinger and his interrogators. Not only does it seem as though Brunner is telling a fascinating story, but that he is attempting to enlighten people about the possibilities that may arise due to the growth of technology. He is clearly illustrating that this reality, although fictional, may well be close at hand. Who knows, but we may be able to access the Internet by telephone in just a few years. There seems to be no stopping this type of technology that is bent on bringing communication, and control along with it, to a level where anyone and everyone can become actively involved. These interrogations approach many difficult and intriguing questions. For example, if all the choices of a race are known, where does the freedom lie? Or if those choices, and their end result, can be easily assumed. If a society is so intricately interconnected, almost to the point where there is no individuality whatsoever, what happens when one man or woman stands apart from the crowd? We know full well how such individuals have been treated in a society where we claim to embrace the unique and free minded individual. But to envision such an individual in a place and time when nearly everyone was essentially identical, brings the reader to a position where the truth of such a future is quite stifling and evident. Anyone with any sense would not like to exist in such a world. Brunner is clearly indicating that such a world wide datanet would not be desirable at all. these are very real possibilities and as any good science fiction writer knows, the future is often illustrated as it might be, in an attempt to help eliminate the possibility. The

Customer Service Legislation Essays

Customer Service Legislation Essays Customer Service Legislation Essay Customer Service Legislation Essay The goods supplied to customers and the customer service provided is influenced by certain factors in UK. The way that the products are sold: Effects on customer service of regulating the nature and standards of products: * Sale of Goods Act, 1979 the product must be sold according to the description and satisfactory quality also fit for purpose. For example at Thorpe Park they cannot advertise the tickets for a certain price and sell it at different price at the gates. * Supply of Goods and Services Act, 1982 services must be at merchantable value and at practical rates. For example if customers book for two tickets and they only have 1 ticket given. * Food Safety Act, 1990 the food must be quality and up to standards. For example at Thorpe park restaurants they cannot sell food which is decayed or has passed its sell by date. Not all of these are linked with Thorpe Park but the Food Safety Act is an important because there are restaurants in the park which supply food to customers at Thorpe Park. Price The price displays are also very important and there is a law for this too. The Prices act 1974 and 1975 is controlling the price displays. They require prices to be indicated on goods or services offered by businesses. It is illegal for Thorpe Park to mislead the customers by displaying wrong pries for entering the park and using the rides. Age restrictions Varies legislations restricts sales on products to children. These products are such as tobacco, alcohol and lottery tickets. This also does not apply to Thorpe Park. The ways that the products are advertised and promoted are also a part of legislation. The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is an authority which controls advertising in UK. Advertisements must be legal, decent, honest and truthful, prepared with responsibility of customers and society and in the line with fair competition. The ASA has the power to force a business to remove their advertisement. Thorpe Park must comply with this advertising and promotion law. They need to be honest about their park and rides to show that they care for their customers and they are reliable. There are many laws which control what information a business should provide for their customers on their products. Thorpe Park must comply with these laws. They must provide information about their rides for their customers. For example they must make sure that height restrictions are clearly written where customers can see. Not complying with legislation and implications If a business does not comply with legislation they may need to face some negative effects. The criminal law There is some legislation which is covered by criminal law and if the business breaks the laws they will be a criminal offence and the business is then forced to be: * Prosecuted * Fined * People responsible may be imprisoned Some of the main criminal laws in UK are: * Trade Descriptions Act 1968 an Act of which prevents manufacturers, retailers or service industry providers from misleading consumers as to what they are spending their money on. * Consumer Protection Act 1987 this act affect the producer of the product not the supplier and it allows the person injured to contact authorities about the damage that has been made to them. * Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 under this act the customers are expected to be entoleted to the goods which should be satisfactory quality, fit for any particular purpose made known to the seller; and the good is as it was described. These acts also affect Thorpe Park. For example the trade descripcitions act prevents Thorpe Park to promote the attraction by misleading customers by saying that there are rides which cannot be found at the Park. The Consumer Protection Act also affects Thorpe Park because if a customer is injured on rides they have the right to complain about this. The Sale and Supply of Goods Act affects the Park by making sure that they check all rides everyday so they are sure that it does work properly and it is also a health and safety procedure also to make sure they work as a part of the quality and they will have to make sure the rides are as they have been described to the customers. Other negative effects it may have on business are that the products may be seized at the court, the business activity may be restricted, and the image of the business may be damaged. Thorpe Park must comply with legislation because it is a very big business and very popular in UK. They need to make sure that their image is not affected by anything. They need to make sure that their business is running smoothly without any implications. Safe Working Businesses have to operate in a safe environment; they must have policies to ensure the safety and security aspects. For Thorpe Park safety at work is a big issue. The business is responsible for safety of customers, visitors, personnel and security procedures. Safety of Customers Businesses must make sure that their customers are safe and secure. A business must be sure that the products they sell are safe and legislation is there to prevent businesses selling harmful products. Business which provides harmful products may pay fines or other penalties. Machinery is particularly important for safety purposes. The business must be definite that the machinery is fitted and operates and there are no electrical faults. Thorpe Park has various rides and they are responsible for safety of customers by making sure that the rides are functioning properly. They do this by testing the rides on daily basis. Thorpe Park is also responsible of making sure that the staffs are trained so in an emergency they are there to provide help and make sure the customers are secured when on the rides. Safety of Customers and Visitors A business is liable for safety of its customers and visitors. If there is a visitor at the premises they need to be sure that the visitor is safe. Staff also needs to be trained for emergency purposes. Thorpe Park is liable to make sure that their staff is trained. They train their staff for facts such as first aid, evacuation procedures, using the rides and other safety points. Safety of Personnel It is imperative that the staff at a business is safe. If a staff is injured at work they have the right to: * Take time off * Covered by other workers during their absence * Become less motivated * Return and become less productive * Lave altogether * Sue the business and claim compensation The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the legislation which protects the employees. For a business like Thorpe Park they have a major liability for the safety of their personnel. They must make sure that the working environment is safe and employees are not injured.

North American P-51 Mustang Fighter

North American P-51 Mustang Fighter North American P-51D Specifications: General Length: 32 ft. 3 in.Wingspan: 37 ft.Height: 13 ft. 8 in.Wing Area: 235 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 7,635 lbs.Loaded Weight: 9,200 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight: 12,100 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Maximum Speed: 437 mphRange: 1,650 miles (w/ external tanks)Rate of Climb: 3,200 ft./min.Service Ceiling: 41,900 ft.Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Packard V-1650-7 liquid-cooled supercharged V-12, 1,490 hp Armament 6 Ãâ€" 0.50 in. machine gunsUp to 2,000 lb of bombs (2 hardpoints)10 x 5 unguided rockets Development: With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the British government established a purchasing commission in the United States to acquire aircraft to supplement the Royal Air Force. Overseen by Sir Henry Self, who was charged with directing RAF aircraft production as well as research and development, this commission initially sought to acquire large numbers of the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk for use in Europe. While not an ideal aircraft, it the P-40 was the only American fighter then in production that came close to the performance standards required for combat over Europe. Contacting Curtiss, the commissions plan soon proved unworkable as the Curtiss-Wright plant was unable to take new orders. As a result, Self approached North American Aviation as the company was already supplying the RAF with trainers and was attempting to sell the British their new B-25 Mitchell bomber. Meeting with North American president James Dutch Kindelberger, Self asked if the company could produce the P-40 under contract. Kindelberger replied that rather than transition North Americans assembly lines to the P-40, he could have a superior fighter designed and ready to fly in a shorter span of time. In response to this offer, Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the head of the British Ministry of Aircraft Production placed an order for 320 aircraft in March 1940. As part of the contract, the RAF specified a minimum armament of four .303 machine guns, a maximum unit price of $40,000, and for the first production aircraft to be available by January 1941. Design: With this order in hand, North American designers Raymond Rice and Edgar Schmued began the NA-73X project to create a fighter around the P-40s Allison V-1710 engine. Due to Britains wartime needs, the project progressed rapidly and a prototype was ready for testing only 117 days after the order was placed. This aircraft featured a new arrangement for its engine cooling system which saw it placed aft of the cockpit with the radiator mounted in the belly.  Testing soon found that this placement allowed the NA-73X to take advantage of the Meredith effect in which heated air exiting the radiator could be used to boost the aircrafts speed.  Constructed entirely of aluminum to reduce weight, the new aircrafts fuselage utilized a semi-monocoque design.   First flying on October 26, 1940, the P-51 utilized a laminar flow wing design which provided low drag at high speeds and was the product of collaborative research between North American and the  National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. While the prototype proved substantially faster than the P-40, there was a substantial drop in performance when operating over 15,000 feet. While adding a supercharger to the engine would have solved this issue, the aircrafts design made it impractical. Despite this, the British were eager to have the aircraft which was initially provided with eight machine guns (4 x .30 cal., 4 x .50 cal.). The US Army Air Corps approved Britains original contract for 320 aircraft on the condition that they received two for testing. The first production aircraft flew May 1, 1941, and the new fighter was adopted under the name Mustang Mk I by the British and dubbed the XP-51 by the USAAC. Arriving in Britain in October 1941, the Mustang first saw service with No. 26 Squadron before making its combat debut on May 10, 1942. Possessing outstanding range and low-level performance, the RAF primarily assigned the aircraft to Army Cooperation Command which utilized the Mustang for ground support and tactical reconnaissance. In this role, the Mustang made its first long-range reconnaissance mission over Germany on July 27, 1942. The aircraft also provided ground support during the disasterous Dieppe Raid that August. The initial order was soon followed by the second contract for 300 planes which differed only in armament carried. The Americans Embrace the Mustang: During 1942, Kindelberger pressed the newly re-designated US Army Air Forces for a fighter contract to continue production of the aircraft. Lacking funds for fighters in early 1942, Major General Oliver P. Echols was able to issue a contract for 500 of a version of the P-51 which had been designed for a ground attack role. Designated the A-36A Apache/Invader these aircraft began arriving that September. Finally, on June 23, a contract for 310 P-51A fighters was issued to North American. While the Apache name was initially retained, it was soon dropped in favor of Mustang. Refining the Aircraft: In April 1942, the RAF asked Rolls-Royce to work on addressing the aircrafts high altitude woes. Engineers quickly realized that many of the issues could be resolved by swapping the Allison with one of their Merlin 61 engines equipped with a two speed, two stage supercharger. Testing in Britain and America, where the engine was built under contract as the Packard V-1650-3, proved highly successful. Immediately put into mass production as the P-51B/C (British Mk III), the aircraft began reaching the front lines in late 1943. Though the improved Mustang received rave reviews from pilots, many complained about a lack of rearward visibility due to the aircrafts razorback profile. While the British have experimented with field modifications using Malcolm hoods similar to those on the Supermarine Spitfire, North American sought a permanent solution to the problem. The result was the definitive version of the Mustang, the P-51D, which featured a completely transparent bubble hood and six .50 cal. machine guns. The most widely produced variant, 7,956 P-51Ds were built. A final type, the P-51H arrived too late to see service. Operational History: Arriving in Europe, the P-51 proved key to maintaining the Combined Bomber Offensive against Germany. Prior to its arrival daylight bombing raids routinely sustained heavy losses as current Allied fighters, such as the Spitfire and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, lacked the range to provide an escort. With the superb range of the P-51B and subsequent variants, the USAAF was able to provide its bombers with protection for the duration of raids. As a result, the US 8th and 9th Air Forces began exchanging their P-47s and Lockheed P-38 Lightnings for Mustangs. In addition to escort duties, the P-51 was a gifted air superiority fighter, routinely besting Luftwaffe fighters, while also serving admirably in a ground strike role. The fighters high speed and performance made it one of the few aircraft capable of pursuing V-1 flying bombs and defeating the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. While best known for its service in Europe, some Mustang units saw service in the Pacific and the Far East. During World War II, the P-51 was credited with downing 4,950 German aircraft, the most of any Allied fighter. Following the war, the P-51 was retained as the USAAFs standard, piston-engine fighter. Re-designated the F-51 in 1948, the aircraft was soon eclipsed in the fighter role by newer jets. With the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the F-51 returned to active service in a ground attack role. It performed admirably as a strike aircraft for the duration of the conflict. Passing out of frontline service, the F-51 was retained by reserve units until 1957. Though it had departed American service, the P-51 was utilized by numerous air forces around the world with the last being retired by the Dominican Air Force in 1984. Selected Sources Ace Pilots: P-51 MustangBoeing: P-51 MustangFighter Plans: P-51 MustangAngelucci, Enzo, Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft: 1914-1980 (The Military Press: New York, 1983), 233, 234.

The Sentencing Phase in the United States Research Paper

The Sentencing Phase in the United States - Research Paper Example The research paper "The Sentencing Phase in the United States" deals on the sentencing phase of the criminal justice system and tries to discuss some of the more urgent issues regarding this crucial phase. The justice system forms the third leg of the triad in the handling of criminal cases, the other two being law enforcement system and the penal or corrections system. All three must work together for penal sanctions to be effective as a deterrent to the commission of crimes. The wheels of justice can indeed grind very slowly and sometimes it takes years for the victims to get vindication and justice for the harm done to them. In a sense, the concern to be so careful to avoid penalizing the innocent is the main cause of this slowness in the justice system. No criminal justice system is perfect. Be that as it may, it should not prevent society nor preclude the government from imposing justice for deviant behaviors. The idea is that the system must be geared towards fairness and equality; flaws in the system can be corrected over time and must not adversely affect the sense of trust by the people that the system is indeed fair. Lapses in the procedures, processes, and practices must not undermine the whole legal system. There are a lot of variables that can confound and confuse the litigants in many instances. A person can opt out of the criminal justice system through a plea bargain agreement that will lessen the sentence to be imposed and may subject the defendant to probation.