The History of KKK Essay -- Ku Klux Klan American History Papers

The History of KKK Ku Klux Klan is a designation mainly given to two distinct secret societies that played a part in American history, although other less important groups have also used the name. The first Ku Klux Klan was an organization that thrived in the South during the Reconstruction period following the Civil War. The second was a nationwide organization that flourished after World War I. The original Klan - Six college students founded the Ku Klux Klan between December 1865 and the summer of 1866 in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee. Former Confederate officers, the six young men organized as a social club or fraternity and spent their time in horseplay of various types, including wearing disguises and galloping about town after dark. They were surprised to learn that their nightly appearances were causing fear, particularly among former slaves in the area. They quickly took advantage of this effect and the group began a rapid expansion. Various factions formed in different towns, which led to a meeting in April 1867 to codify rules and organizational structure. At this meeting, former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest was elected Grand Wizard, or supreme leader, of all the Klan. The organization was divided into a number of realms, dominions, provinces and dens, which were in turn led by Grand Dragons, Titans, Giants and Cyclopes. Nathan Bedford Forrest The policies of Reconstruction (aiming to extend the rights of Southern blacks) had the unintended effect of pushing hundreds of resentful and anxious veterans into the Klan, which soon began instituting a systematic policy of violence in opposition... ...tion of everyone but themselves but they have put a lot towards making todays world a racist place. They have mentally disturbed peoples lives and terrorized villages by burning down their churches. Although the modern Ku Klux Klan, or KKK, is not the same group that terrorized African - Americans in the late 1800s and early 1900s, they still have the same basic goals and ideas. There are many local and regional KKK groups such as the Oregon Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and the New Order Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is the national and largest organization, but the only one seeking a political agenda. They are the group that claims they are keeping alive the spirit and ideas of the original Klansmen but there are only a few thousand left as we think but it’s a very secret society.

Medication Errors: Causes and Problems Reporting Essay

In the early morning hours of a 12-hour night shift, a nurse gives the patient an incorrect medication. The aspirin given was ordered for the patient in the next room. Medication errors are common in the hospital setting and especially by a nurse who is fatigued from working a 12-hour shift. In the situation described, should the nurse report the error or assume that the incident is not worth reporting since it was only aspirin? Surprisingly, according to Covell and Ritchie (2009) most medication errors are simply overlooked. â€Å"Nurses estimate that only between 25% and 63% of medication errors are actually reported† (p. 287). This estimation may seem low to some; however, other researchers estimate that the voluntary reporting of medication errors may be even lower. In 2009, Jones and Treiber found that less than 5% of medication errors are reported. Medications are typically ordered by physicians, but it is ultimately the nurses’ responsibility to administer the correct medication. There are several steps in this process and unfortunately when one step is altered, a medication error can occur. Preventing errors has been and continues to be an important aspect of nursing. I believe that in order to provide patients with the best possible care it is important for nurses to understand the common reported causes of medication errors, problems in reporting errors, and their role in medication prevention and reporting. Throughout this paper I will discuss the medication error issues described above and their importance and impact on the nursing profession. Topics discussed in this paper include the common causes of medication errors, perceived problems with reporting medication errors, and the importance of medication errors to the profession of nursing. Common Causes of Medication Errors Nurse Correlated Causes Even though preventative measures are taken, nurses are often still the cause of medication errors. Medication administration is a major intervention in nursing and when distracted or fatigued it is easy for simple mistakes to occur that normally would not have happened. The five rights are taught to all nurses at some point in their education as the basic technique to help reduce the occurrence of medication errors; however, many nurses fail to consistently and accurately utilize these measures. According to a study of 775 nurses conducted by Jones and Treiber (2010), 79% of participants believed that failure to follow the five rights of medication administration causes the majority of medication errors. Other nurse-correlated causes identified by Jones and Treiber (2010) include distractions and interruptions of the nurse, high patient nurse ratios, and lack of proper education along with fatigue and exhaustion. Types of factors that are directly related to nurses are considered internal causes of medication errors. However, literature shows that a combination of internal and external variables within the nursing environment contribute to medication errors. Unfortunately, actions by nurses and failures to follow common nursing protocols directly place the responsibility of medication errors on the nursing profession. Other Associated Causes It is also important to consider causes of errors other than the common internal causes directly correlated to nurses. A common external cause of medication errors is miscommunication. Miscommunication can occur in several different ways, but it often involves miscommunication from the initial prescription by physicians. Brady, Malone, and Fleming (2009) found that, â€Å"ineffective written and verbal communication in relation to prescriptions contribute to medication errors, particularly between nurses and physicians† (p. 692). Quite often, handwriting is not legible when prescriptions are written which results in medication errors. Since many drugs look and sound similar, it is easy for nurses to confuse handwriting. An example involves the medications, Vioxx, Ziox, and Zyvox. These medications sound very similar; however, they are used for very different treatments. Confusion by the nurse in writing a verbal order or in reading the order related to one of these three medications could result in immense consequences. In a survey of 983 registered nurses, Brady et al. (2009) likewise concluded that poor handwriting ranks among the top three causes of medication errors. In addition, there are many other factors that have been shown to contribute to medication errors including incomplete patient information, use of abbreviations, unavailable drug information, lack of appropriate packaging and labeling of meds, and environmental factors such as bad lighting. Understanding the cause of medication errors is an important step to decrease the occurrence and prevent future errors from occurring. Unfortunately, reporting of errors is still a large problem among the nursing profession. Perceived Problems with Reporting Barriers to Reporting Most nurses would agree that medication errors should be reported when they occur, yet medication errors are still underreported. A survey conducted by Jones and Treiber (2010) found that among nurses, â€Å"94% either strongly agreed or agreed that medication errors should be reported even when no harm resulted to the patient (p. 243).† Based on these findings, it is obvious that there is some inconsistency between actual occurrence and reporting. These findings also suggest that there may be barriers to reporting. Barriers to reporting can be broken down into four major groups according to research from both Koohestani and Baghcheghi (2009) and Covell and Ritchie (2009). The major groups are inadequate definition, fear, reporting process, and administrative process. Surveys conducted by Covell and Ritchie (2009), determined that fear ranked as the highest barrier to reporting since â€Å"participants indicated that they were most fearful of adverse consequences from reporting medication errors† (p. 289). Findings by Koohestani and Baghcheghi’s (2009) regarding barriers to reporting by nursing students also demonstrated fear as the strongest perceived barrier. Their research indicated that among nursing students the fear of, â€Å"decreasing evaluation score and introducing educational problems† along with â€Å"instructor’s reprimand† ranked as the highest barriers (p. 70). Surprisingly, both studies ranked the process of reporting, time to fill out proper forms and time to contact physician, as having the least impact on reporting. Increased Reporting The large number of medication errors and the lack of reporting suggest a need for change among the nursing profession. According to research findings from a study conducted by Drach-Zachavy & Pud (2010), â€Å"Approximately every third patient, on average, is exposed to some sort of deviation from the regulations when receiving medication. Yet, when nurses were confronted with these findings, they tended to dismiss their gravity and argued that they were trivial in the hospital context† (p.801). One way to improve the problem of medication errors is to draw attention to the issue. This can be done by increased reporting of errors among the nursing profession. However, due to the barriers of reporting described by nurses, establishing a concrete system to improve reporting has been difficult. Most nurses are aware that underreporting of medication errors does occur; however, they still fail to report. Education about proper reporting and awareness of the issue has been shown to increase reporting among nurses. Research shows that the major barrier to reporting medication errors is fear; therefore, reducing fear is a major component to increase reporting. Strategies to reduce fear include procedures to, â€Å"ensure that the processes used for reporting medication errors are respectful† (Covell & Ritchie, 2009, p. 295). It is also important for administrators and nursing managers to create a working environment conducive to reporting, one that encourages and supports reporting of errors (Koohestani & Baghcheghi, 2009, p. 73). Another strategy to improve reporting deals with the process of reporting. Although the process of reporting was considered the lowest barrier to reporting, research still suggests that improving this process can lead to better reporting of outcomes. Brady et al. (2009) suggest that electronic reporting systems improve reporting. This type of system improves the reporting process by making it easier. There is significantly less paperwork required, and the fear associated with reporting is significantly reduced. In order to change the lack of reporting of medication errors, the perceived problems with reporting need to be improved. The first step in this improvement starts within the nursing profession. Recognizing that nurses play an active role in preventing and reporting medication errors will help to decrease the number of errors. However, the distinct role of nurses in reporting medications errors needs further discussion. Importance to the Nursing Profession Role of Nurses The major role of nurses in the process of medication errors is first and foremost prevention. To help prevent errors, nurses must first recognize why medication errors occur and make an effort to eliminate the source. They must also strive to actively follow implemented guidelines and procedures. For example, consistently practicing the five of rights of medication administration has been shown to decrease the occurrence of errors. According to Brady et al. (2009) the major role of nurses is to, â€Å"take appropriate steps to develop and maintain competence in relation to all aspects of medication management† (p. 694). Education plays a key role in maintaining nursing competence; therefore, it is imperative to remain up to date with current knowledge, evidence based practice, and skills. Once a medication error occurs, the most important role of the nurse is to report. Brady et al. (2009) concludes that, â€Å"reporting medication errors is pivotal in improving the medication management process† (p. 694). Reporting is critical for nurses because it is a legal and ethical concern in the nursing profession. Nurses must consistently report all errors and also encourage other health care professionals to report as well. Overall, the most important roles among nursing professionals are to administer medications safely and accurately, report errors consistently, and adhere to the American Nurses’ Association Code of Ethics. Concluding Integration Reconsider the medication error discussed at the beginning of this paper. As the nurse in the situation, I might not have initially reported the medication error. I might have only informed the charge nurse of my mistake. After researching this topic, my views on medication errors and reporting have changed. I now have a greater understanding of the impact that an active nursing role can have in reducing medication errors. I believe that the implications of medication errors are important because medication administration is a key nursing role. Throughout my nursing career I will administer medications to thousands of patients. Unfortunately, I will likely be the cause of at least one medication error. According to the literature, medication errors do occur. Therefore, it is important to recognize causes so that steps can be made toward preventing medication errors. I believe that measures such as proper training and additional education are the best methods to preventing medication errors. It is also very important for nurses to actively practice safe medication administration by taking a â€Å"back to basics† approach and utilizing simple techniques such as the five rights. Furthermore, I believe that the best way to improve reporting is to reduce the fear surrounding reporting. One way to do this would be to initiate online reporting systems. In my future nursing practice, it will ultimately be my responsibility to administer the correct medication to patients. In order to provide patients with the best outcomes, it is important for nurses to understand the implications of medication errors. References Bradley, A. M., Malone, A. M., & Fleming, S. (2009). A literature review of the individual and system factors that contribute to medication errors in nursing practice. Journal of Nursing Management, 17, 679-697. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.00995.x Covell, C. L., & Ritchie, J. A. (2009). Nurses’ responses to medication errors: Suggestions for the development of organizational strategies to improve reporting. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 24, 287-297. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0b013e3181a4d506 Drach-Zahavy, A., & Pud, D. (2010). Learning mechanisms to limit medication administration errors. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 794-805. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-26482010.05294.x Jones, J. H., & Treiber, L. (2010). When the 5 rights go wrong: Medication errors from the nursing perspective. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 25, 240-247. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0b013e3181d5b948 Koohestani, H. R., & Baghcheshi, N. (2009). Barriers to the reporting of medication administration errors among nursing students. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24 (1), pp. 66-74. 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Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte - 1427 Words

In Charlotte Bronte s transitioning novel Jane Eyre, the fundamental character Jane not just battles with the parts of social class deviations additionally her voyage to locate her own confidence in God and religion. On her trip she experiences three enormously extraordinary minor departure from Christian confidence, all of which, however she at last rejects, help her reach her own decisions of her own confidence and deep sense of being. Her first genuine addressing of religion is with her companion and Lowood school Helen Burns. Jane observes Helen to be gently dedicated in her confidence in God, and Jane appreciates her for it. In any case, Jane battles to acknowledge Helen s uninvolved view, as it does not have the understanding that Jane looks for. Likewise, at Lowood Jane experiences the proprietor of the school Mr. Brocklehurst, who goes about as a tyrant over the young ladies and instructors at Lowood. His religious goals are those of yield yet it is obvious that Mr. Brocklehu rst takes no thought of these goals in his own way of life. Jane promptly rejects Mr. Brocklehurst s perspective as it is so clearly fraudulent. At long last Jane meets her cousin St. John, a pastor. After watching him and watching one of his sermons she understands that however he is driven and energetic his perspectives concentrate on disturbing goals as restrict to the elevating of deep sense of being. She understands that St. John does not have a genuine comprehension of what confidenceShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1601 Words   |  7 Pagesfeminist, one must see it through the lens of the time and place Brontà « wrote it. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre was a feminist work in that Bronte expressed disdain for oppressive gender structures through the voice of Jane Eyre, and the actions of Bertha Mason. Jane Eyre was a steamy novel for its time, with imagery as blatantly concealed as Jane’s description of Rochester’s hand as being â€Å"rounded, muscular; and vigorous†¦long, strong†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brontà « 312) A modern reader might blush at the description and itsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1437 Words   |  6 Pagestools that depict history. One great work of art that portrays these constant struggles is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. While addressing social issues of a governess, Brontà « also tackles Victorian society’s corrupt and unjust ideals by using different settings and characters such as Mr. Rochester and Gateshead Manor. In Jane Eyre, the depiction of a rigid social class restricts the protagonist, Jane Eyre, from marrying her love, Mr. Rochester. 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Charlotte Bronte has experienced more tragedy in her life than happiness by losing her mother and all five of her siblings. But, in her moments of tragedy, she expre ssed her feelings through poetry. As a resultRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte949 Words   |  4 PagesSurrounded by witnesses, Jane stands in front of the minister, poised to take her marital vows as the mystery of Thornfield unravels. Unbeknownst to her, Rochester’s actual wife, Bertha Mason, is within close proximity.The knowledge of Bertha, and the mystery, will pose as a test to Jane s morals and her character. Through Jane Eyre, a powerful Victorian-era novel, Charlotte Bronte portrays the role of women in Victorian society while masterfully solidifying Jane’s role as its polar opposite: anRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. 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The book challenges how the language of middle-class love affects the way a character’s self-identity can alter the action, how Jane sees herself later when she found love and sense of belonging as independent women. When Jane was a child she struggles to find her own identity Jane begins to change through her journey once she realizes her own identity and this helpsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1359 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the ex periences of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte, expresses many elements of gothic literature throughout her novel Jane Eyre. In her perfect understanding of gothic literature, she expresses the three types of evil commonly found in gothic literature, including the evil of the supernatural, the evil within or the instinctual evil motives of humans, and lastly, the evil because of societal influence. Jane Eyre experiences all of these three evils with her aunt and three cousins with her residency

anthopolgy - 2335 Words

Topic 1: Introduction to Anthropology and Culture Kottak, questions from chapter 1, 13 DVD questions from chapters 1, 2, and 3 Kottak Chapter 1 1. What do you think is unique about anthropology: its holism or its comparative perspective? Can you think of other fields that holistic and/or comparative? I think that holism is a unique part of anthropology because it’s the study of the whole human condition: the past, present, and the future. It’s also about the biology, society, language, and culture of the humans. I think it’s unique because it covers all the aspects of the human life. I think sociology is a field that is holistic because it deals with social relations, organizations, and behaviors. 2. What are some areas in†¦show more content†¦One issue that has been hard to comprehend is the covering up of the face by the women in the Middle East. It’s very hot over there and if anything I would think they would want less clothes on their bodies. DVD Chapter 1 1. How did the farming techniques of the Batak differ from those of their non Batak referred as â€Å"Christianos†? Christianos used the slash and burn technique which is done to the surrounding forest. This farming technique is harmful to the environment even though it is faster and more efficient with it covering big kaingens. The Batak make small scattered kaingens without clearing all of the brush the farming method is not harmful to the environment. 2. For what specific reasons did Hariban Palawan, the conservationist group, want to work with Batak? Were the Batak immediately accepting of them? The Hariban Palawan conservationist group wanted to work with the Batak so they can preserve the forest that was left. They shared the same goal but it took the Batak a long time to trust the conservationist group 3. One of the ways in which anthropology has broadened its horizons is by demonstrating the values that other people’s cultures and ways of life may have for the wider world. What can the Batak offer the world? The Batak are able to offer the world a way to utilize resources without destroying them. In other words being more environmentally friendly. DVD chapter

Incarcerating the Elderly - 2547 Words

The issue being discussed in this paper will be â€Å"the issue of the ‘graying’ of the American prison and parole population and the unique problems that elderly prisoners face while incarcerated and subsequent to release† (Stojkovic, 2007, pg. 98). Incarceration of elderly criminals is a highly debated topic in criminal justice. The definition of elderly criminal in this case will be a person 60 years or older that commits a criminal offense. This is not a new topic; however, there is not a lot of research conducted on elderly offenders. There are many arguments as to whether these elderly criminals should be treated the same as younger criminals and whether it is cost effective to put the elderly in prison. This paper will discuss the pros†¦show more content†¦Many of these elderly prisoners don’t have much to go back to in the real world (Le Mesurier, 2011). They have lost their homes, families, friends, and sense of belonging (Le Mesurier, 2 011). Without the adequate support that an elderly persons needs out in the world, they are at risk of social exclusion and for re-offending. Leaving the prison for an elderly person that has been locked up behind bars for many years would be huge challenge. Every person in prison receives adequate health treatment and proper care. Finding the proper treatment and care outside of prison can be a tough. The elderly offender most of the time will not have a stable and welcoming environment to go back into and might re-offend again to support himself. Without being able to find a job and steady pay the offender will have a tough time supporting himself. As discussed in class, most offenders in Prison are there for punishment and don’t get the adequate treatment they need and are still considered as violent, if not even more than when they first entered the prison. During their time in prison, the offenders are not getting the adequate rehabilitation that they need and will stil l be released as violent and criminal as when they first entered. Being in Prison for so many years, with other criminals can teach the offender to be even more violent and brutalShow MoreRelatedPrisoners with Special Needs917 Words   |  4 Pagesin a standard incarceration facility. When we look at offenders that have a learning disability or mental handicaps or offenders that are substance abusers, special care in incarceration and rehabilitation methods should be involved. By just incarcerating these individuals you are not setting them up for a successful and cost effective way of rehabilitation. Counseling, treatment, and various interventions strategies help in giving these offenders with special need the care they need while at theRead MoreThe Incarceration Of Women Prisons1298 Words   |  6 Pagessuccumbing to ailments. Changes needed to laws and courts. Definitely, there is a need for change in laws. The drug barons are rarely identified. Those caught up and incarcerated are street vendors and to make matters worse even innocent people. Incarcerating the small players has been of no benefit since these drug lords know how to keep their business thriving by getting other street vendors into the distribution ends. It has led to mass imprisonment thus becoming costly to the state while not assuringRead MoreElderly Parole Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesParole for the Elderly Tynesha Wilson CJHS 430 November 17, 2014 Christopher Abreu Parole for the Elderly There are many arguments for and against confining the sick and elderly adults in jail. 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This figure is before taking account of medical costs of an elderly prisoner. With the current â€Å"third-strike† inmates, incarcerating them will cost a minimum of 10 billion dollars in the next 25 years (Males, 2011). â€Å"If the cost of incarceration is high, a twenty-five years to life sentence for a nonviolent offender is difficult to justify unlessRead MoreFraud : An Intentional Act1384 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment assistance fraud, when it occurs, it means that not only the government loses finances (Einstein Law, 2016). Also, the activities that were intended to be performed to the needy citizens are stopped or fail to be executed. The poor, disabled, elderly and other people requiring assistance from the government continue suffering at the expense of a few greedy civil servants who are benefitting from government assistance finances. 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This paper examines how properly managing male, female, pregnant, and elderly inmates can be a solution to a lot of the correctional systems current problems. Also discussed are the reasons why people choose to commit crimes. The general strain theory has been a well-known approach to understanding the cause of crime. AnotherRead MoreJunenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesregardless of age. Deterrence is believed to be the best approach to punishment, because the belief is that if the offender is incarcerated the ability to commit more crimes is erased. Crimes such as rape of other juveniles, aggravated assault on elderly and helpless victims, and murders are being committed by perpetrators as young as 13. Juvenile offender under with long criminal records which result in small if any punishments can develop a false sense of operating above the law, with the defiant

Voluntary Organizations and Public Service Delivery

Question: Discuss about the Voluntary Organizations and Public Service Delivery. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on critically analyzing the Corporations Act of 2001 regarding protection available to whistleblowers. It also requires evaluating whether adequate protections are available in the Corporations Act of 2001 for the whistleblowers. Further, the report also focuses on evaluating the policies associated to whistleblower protection along the Corporations Act of 2001 adequately meet the different international standards. The report further focuses on identifying effective recommendations and reforms that would encourage the whistleblowers from rendering information associated with Corporate Crime. Finally, the paper would highlight on the different new reforms that are considered to be effective by the Commonwealth Government for protecting whistleblowers. Protection Available to Whistleblowers The Corporations Act of 2001 in Australia renders the following protections to whistleblowers. Firstly, the law identifies the information rendered by the whistleblowers in different corporations as protected disclosure and thereby consciously acts in keeping the matter confidential in nature. The Corporations Act in addition to concealing the information also focuses on not disclosing the identity of the whistleblower if not that the disclosure is made authorized or mandatory by any other law operating in the region(Griffin Moorhead, 2013). Secondly, the Corporations Act of 2001 also aims in protecting the whistleblowers from facing any type of litigation issues whether civil or criminal in nature. Again, the cases of protected disclosures are also rendered further protection under the Corporations Act of 2001 from issues pertaining to breach of contract. Thus, the whistleblowers that get involved in actions associated with disclosing of private and protected information of any organization, such whistleblowers may seek refuge under the Corporations Act. Again, in cases where the employer of a firm has terminated a whistleblower owing to the actions undertaken by the individual for disclosing protected information, the Corporations Act of 2001 appeals to the court of law for reinstating the person in the same or an equal post (Smart Paulsen, 2011). Thirdly, the Corporations Act of 2001 reinforces the protection rendered to the whistleblowers through the generation of a criminal offence on individuals like employers or managers that tend to victimize the whistleblower for disclosing protected information. Further, in cases where the whistleblower is observed to have suffered damages or has been victimized by offenders owing to the act of disclosure, the Corporations Act of 2001 rightly encourages the whistleblower to claim needed amount of compensation from the offenders. The legislation however can be enforced only where the case of victimization is proved to be the outcome of disclosure of protected information and not associated to some other issues. The Corporations Act of 2001 regarding the act of claiming of compensation by whistleblowers however does not authorize the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) to act on behalf of the former. The whistleblowers are potentially encouraged by the Corporations Act for seeking of legal advice in an independent fashion(ASIC, 2016). Critical Appraisal of the Protections The critical appraisal of the whistleblower protection policy as rendered by the Corporations Act of 2001 in Australia would be carried out based on the protection measures outlined under the G20 Summit during 2011. The OECD Guidelines reflect that protectionist measures can be undertaken for the whistleblower provided that the individual has disclosed information based on both good faith and also in a reasonable fashion. The courts based in South Africa focus on evaluating and analyzing the motive of the whistleblower in disclosing the information before generating needed protection. Here, the employer is required to prove before the court of law that the individual has disclosed the information not in good faith but on a personal motive (Al-Bastaki, 2013). On the failure of proving the disclosure of information conducted on a personal motive the same is undertaken by the court as that conducted on good faith and thereby protection is rendered to the whistleblower. This legislation also follows that individuals involved with the practice of rendering false statements and manipulating information before disclosing such would not be protected. Some legislation in countries like Korea also imposes a penalty on individuals involved in making false disclosures (Cunningham James, 2012). Further, the OECD principles also indicate on the non-loophole policy such that protection for whistleblowers needs to encompass external agents like contractors, applicants for different job titles, family members of employees and also other unemployed individuals. The above type of protection policy is viewed as holistic in nature and thereby aims to protect both the internal and external whistleblower groups. The protection policy for whistleblowers as outlined by OECD is also required to identify the different types of disclosures pertaining to different issues that are needed to be ideally protected. It thus needs to define the scope of protection for whistleblowers both in private and public organizations. The protectionist policy regarding whistleblowers is also argued to encompass the different ways for countering and also combating the corruption activities that are identified to have taken place in firms. Similarly, it is also required to effectively underline the manner in which the criminal activities are required to be reported by the whistleblowers. The protectionist policies for whistleblowers are also required to rightly reflect on the different types of employment associated protectionist measures that need to be undertaken reducing the chances of them being penalized by higher organizational authorities (Flynn, 2012). The reporting policies for whistleblowers for disclosing of confidential and concealed information is also required to be carried out along different tiers both within and also outside the firm. The disclosures carried out by the whistleblowers are required to be ideally divided along three main tiers like generation of internal disclosures to the employer and the management of the organization, regulatory disclosures to governing bodies and authorities and finally wider amount of disclosures to the general public, police and media groups. Reporting needed to be carried out along the different tiers require the existence of different amount of protection policies that in turn contribute in encouraging the whistleblowers for carrying out future reporting activities in an extensive fashion. The decision regarding disclosing of such information to the different stakeholder groups are required to be taken on a priority basis based on an evaluation of the impact levels (Bach Kessler, 201 1). Some G20 Countries like Indonesia and Korea to facilitate the concealment of the identity of whistleblowers are observed to generate separate hotline numbers. The whistleblowers other than focusing on the generation of reports can disclose the information to the needed parties through the use of the hotline numbers. The same helps in easy disclosure of the information while also enhance the level of confidentiality of the whistleblowers. Further, whistleblowing protectionist policies practiced in different countries like Canada, Korea and United States also lay stress on the creation of an Ombudsman that would take care of the disciplinary problems faced by the whistleblowers on account of the disclosures. The office of the Ombudsman independently focuses on conducting an investigation on cases of complaints rendered by both the whistleblowers and employers and thereby take appropriate steps for ceasing of unwanted practices. Similarly, the Ombudsman can also focus on helping the whi stleblower in adequately reporting the disclosures and generate another body that can reward and encourage the whistleblowers for taking of future actions (Zhao, 2014). In both countries, United Kingdom and United States legislations have been generated for development of an Employment Tribunal that lends a fair and impartial ear to listen to the appeals rendered by the whistleblowers. The same helps the employees acting as whistleblowers to appeal before the tribunal and the court of law regarding the penalties and infringements faced by them on accounting of making such disclosures. The same contributes in development of a sense of trust and confidence in the minds of the whistleblowers such that they can focus on carrying out future whistleblowing events in cases of need. The protectionist measures regarding whistleblowers are also required to encompass the clause of rendering of financial compensation as salaries and also the charges to fight legal cases that are faced by the whistleblowers on account of making disclosures. G20 Countries like United Kingdom and South Africa contribute in drafting legislations for helping the whistleblowers gain adequate amount of financial compensations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act or OSHA in United States and similar legislations in France rightly informs and encourages the employees to have needed knowledge regarding the rights and power of the whistleblowers (Leisink, Boselie, Hosking, Bottenburg, 2013). The same contributes in generating needed awareness among the employees in undertaking of whistleblowing activities in the long run and also helps the business organizations refrain from getting involved in unwanted issues and acts. Legislations concerning whistleblower protection also r equire the use of systems for recording and synchronization of information collected from different whistleblowers. The same would contribute in serving as an effective directory for supporting the whistleblowers in their courses of action. Similarly, surveys can also be carried out of different whistleblowers where they can be encouraged to state and share in a transparent fashion their whistleblowing experiences and the courses of action taken thereof to counter emerging difficulties. The same would serve as guiding mechanisms for future whistleblowers and thereby help them in taking needed protectionist measures(OECD, 2011). Reforms for Encouraging and Protecting Whistleblowers Evaluations of the existing whistleblower protection policies by high profile senate members reflect the need for generating potential reforms for encouraging the whistleblowers in reporting corporate crime and other corruptive practices. Recommendations are being put by the senate committee for rendering of incentives and rewards to the whistleblowers and also regarding generation of effective shields for protecting the whistleblowers from being victimized. Further, protection measures are also being focused on being taken for protecting the action of the whistleblowers pertaining to their contacting trade union bodies, political parties and also media for event of disclosures. The high profile member committee also stated that the whistleblower policy followed and implemented by the public sector organizations in Australia also need to be rightly followed by the private sector firms (Re'em, 2011). The senate also evaluated that the legislations relating to protection of whistleblow ers practiced in Australia have reduced potential compared to other whistleblower protection legislations in other OECD countries like United States and United Kingdom. Evaluations carried out by the committee reflected that no organization or group or individual was ever prosecuted on grounds for victimizing and penalizing the whistleblowers for their actions (IOD, 2013). The committee stated that no such choice can be forced upon individuals relating to the carrying out of whistleblowing practices and gaining effective positions in organizations and financial wellbeing. The current legislations associated to whistleblower protection are also observed to suffer from a serious problem wherein it fails to protect and conceal documents that contain information pertaining to the whistleblower (Battaglio, 2014). In terms of compensation, the Chairman of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) mentioned in a parliamentary enquiry that lifetime compensation is required to be rendered to the whistleblowers that have potentially risked their careers for disclosing of corporate misconducts. Likewise, in United States rewards are formulated for whistleblowers that account for 30 percent of the total amount collected in terms of penalty and through other legal conducts(Ferguson Williams, 2016). Another case of reform that is planned to be incorporated for development of the policies regarding whistleblower protection is identified by the Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD). The recommendations rendered by AICD focus on extending the whistleblower protection to cover different stakeholders like ex-officers and directors, contractual staffs, contractors, accountants and also auditors. Further, AICD also reflects that protection for whistleblowers involved in making disclosures are needed to be carried out based on incorporating a lawyer. Incorporation of legal standards and suggestions would contribute in making the whistleblower protection policies ideally match international standards (Battaglio, 2014). Similarly, AICD also focuses on discouraging the companies from victimizing, penalizing and also in discriminating the whistleblowers through the generation of increased amount of penalties. AICD however requires that the whistleblowing activities are needed to be carried out in good faith. The whistleblowers are thereby required to pass the motivation test where they are required to ideally prove that they have a single motivation in whistleblowing wrong doings conducted in companies. In the current period, AICD however has focused on replacing the parameter of good faith with reasonable evidences for making the disclosure to ideally qualify for rendering protection (GAICD, 2017). Further, the reform process also focuses on generating protection to third party stakeholders like parliamentary members and also the media companies involved in making the disclosure. The AICD also recognizes in protecting the whistleblowers that are found to have exhausted the formal channels and rather focus on involving the media and parliamentary members in making further disclosures of corporate crime. Again, the AICD also focuses on incorporating financial incentives to encourage the whistleblowers to bring salient information to the regulatory committees . The generation of financial incentives to whistleblowers though approved in United States as bounties would require greater time to be approved in Australia(GAICD, 2017). The protection policy for whistleblowers as existing in Australia needs to be further revised for helping the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) to get further information for conducting its investigations. The ASIC has earlier recommended that the whistleblower protection policy can be further extended to include previous employees and also other types of advisers. Further, it focuses on increasing the different types of protection policies to the disclosures made and also implying further legislations to govern the misconducts and corporate crimes. In addition, ASIC also requires gaining needed power to restrain the publication of such documents that would in turn contribute in exposing the identity of the whistleblower (Leisink, Boselie, Hosking, Bottenburg, 2013). Reforms considered by Commonwealth Government The Commonwealth Government during the winter season sittings of 2013 undertook several considerations pertaining to the whistleblower protection policy. The Commonwealth Government considered that conduct of the whistleblowers tends to be disclosable such that the same reflects wrong doings or misconducts within the public sector. The government however also considered that conduct of the whistleblower cannot be disclosed where the same is associated with political or financial matters such that the same fails to be disagreed by the individual involved in making the disclosures. It thus reflects that the new legislation passed in by the Commonwealth Government does not encourage endeavors undertaken by individuals for helping in agitating political grievances. The Commonwealth Government also considered an effective reform wherein the whistleblowers can make direct disclosures to their immediate supervisors and to the disclosure officer of the institution (Flynn, 2012). Further, in addition in making internal disclosures the whistleblowers are also encouraged by the Commonwealth Government in making external disclosures to the media companies and the parliamentary members provided the same fulfills certain specific conditions. The new legislation focuses on generating needed protection to whistleblowers in making external disclosures such that where it has found that the level of internal disclosures carried out by the whistleblower in the first place were inadequate in nature (Ferguson Williams, 2016). Further, considerations were undertaken by the Commonwealth Government associated to emergency disclosures. Disclosures are identified to fall under the emergency category where potential dangers were felt to be highly imminent to the health and safety to workers and society and also in broadly affecting the natural environment. In such cases, the provisions relate that the whistleblower can pass on the activity of the internal disclosures and thereby can dire ctly make the disclosures public based on approaching the media companies and the regulatory authorities (Alexander, 2011). An Ombudsman Office is required to be ideally designed by the Commonwealth Government that would help in guiding and also in assisting the different agencies in making the disclosures. Further, the Ombudsman Office is also required to effectively oversee that the disclosures made by the whistleblowers ideally match and follow the different legislations. The Ombudsman Office of the Commonwealth Government is also required to oversee the functions of the different agencies and also evaluate whether the disclosures made by them ideally match the legislations (Battaglio, 2014). Similarly, the Ombudsman is also required to provide annual reports to the parliamentary committee pertaining to the event of disclosures carried out by the different agencies. Another important provision rendered by the Commonwealth Government is that the different intelligence agencies inv olved in making the disclosures are required to be governed by the Inspector General of Intelligence and Security. However, the intelligence agencies are not permitted by the new provisions in making external disclosures (Company Law solutions Limited, 2014). The passing of new legislations has been significantly welcomed and is also viewed as a holistic framework for making of public interest disclosures in the Commonwealth Government setting. The Coalition parties in Australia potentially supported the passing of the legislations in the Australian Parliament and rightly agreed that the amendments made by the government authorities would rightly contribute in making tighter and effective schemes (Neilsen, 2013). The Public Interest Disclosure Act or the PID Act passed during 2013 focuses on encouraging and facilitating effective disclosure of needed information by public authorities pertaining to wrong conducts conducted within the public sector. Further, the legislation is to ensure that the public officials that are involved in making disclosures of misconducts pertaining to public enterprises are required to be rightly protected from emergence of adverse consequences. Finally, the PID Act of 2013 also requires that the disclosures made by government or public authorities are required to be potentially investigated and effectively dealt with in by the government or public institutions (The Australian Collaboration , 2015). The legislation also reflects greater immunity and protection from disciplinary action of the officials that were involved in reporting of misconducts and wrongdoings by public sector enterprises based along the Commonwealth region. The Ombudsman office of the Commonweal th is largely responsible for generating needed awareness and knowledge about the PID Act of 2013 (Fung, 2014). The Act has rolled the domain of the investigator and protector under the body of the Ombudsman. Further, the whistleblower policy of Commonwealth Australia identified that the existing whistleblower policy does not cover the wrongdoings conducted by the private sector, intelligence authorities and also by other politicians (The Australian Collaboration , 2015). Conclusions The report ideally evaluates the Corporations Act of 2001 in Australia pertaining to the different types of protections that are required to be generated for protecting the whistleblowers. The report reflected large number of gaps in the Corporations Act of 2001 compared to OECD Regulations regarding the protection of whistleblowers. Similarly, the report also highlighted on the different reforms rendered by both ASIC and Commonwealth Government for enhancing the protection of whistleblowers. References Al-Bastaki, Y. (2013). Building a Competitive Public Sector with Knowledge Management Strategy. United Kingdom : IGI Global. Alexander, J. (2011). Performance Dashboards and Analysis for Value Creation. United Kingdom : Joh Wiley and Sons. ASIC. (2016). Guidance for whistleblowers. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/asic-investigations-and-enforcement/whistleblowing/guidance-for-whistleblowers/#Protectionsforwhistleblowersfromvictimis Bach, S., Kessler, I. (2011). The Modernisation of the Public Services and Employee Relations: Targeted Change. London : Palgrave Macmillan. Battaglio, R. P. (2014). Public Human Resource Management: Strategies and Practices in the 21st Century. United States : CQ Press. Company Law solutions Limited. (2014). What rights does a shareholder have? Retrieved June 2, 2014, from www.companylawclub.co.uk: https://www.companylawclub.co.uk/topics/what_rights_does_a_shareholder_have.shtml Cunningham, I., James, P. (2012). Voluntary Organizations and Public Service Delivery. New York: Routledge. Ferguson, A., Williams, R. (2016). Calls for reform to weak whistleblower protections. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/calls-for-reform-to-weak-whistleblower-protections-20160421-gobnnp.html Flynn, N. (2012). Public Sector Management. London: SAGE. Fung, B. (2014). The Demand and Need for Transparency and Disclosure in Corporate Governance. Universal Journal of Management , 72-80. GAICD, L. R. (2017). Why Australia needs better protection for whistleblowers. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/membership/membership-update/why-australia-needs-better-protection-for-whistleblowers Griffin, R., Moorhead, G. (2013). Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. United States : Cengage Learning. IOD. (2013, April 10). UK Corporate Governance Code. Retrieved June 2, 2014, from www.iod.com: https://www.iod.com/guidance/briefings/cgbis-uk-corporate-governance-code#principles Leisink, P., Boselie, P., Hosking, D. M., Bottenburg, M. v. (2013). Managing Social Issues: A Public Values Perspective. London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Neilsen, M. A. (2013). Historic new whistleblower protection laws. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2013/July/Historic_new_whistleblower_protection_laws OECD. (2011). G20 Anti-Corruption ACtion plAn Protection of Whistleblowers. United States : OECD. Re'em, Y. (2011). Motivating Public Sector Employees. Working Papers, No. 60 (pp. 1-50). Hertie School of Governance. Smart, J. C., Paulsen, M. B. (2011). Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research: Volume 26. United Kingdom: Springer Science Business Media. The Australian Collaboration . (2015). Democracy in Australia Protection of whistleblowers. Sydney: The Australian Collaboration . Zhao, J. (2014). Organizational Innovation and IT Governance in Emerging Economies. London: IGI Global.

Shockwave Rider By Brunner Essays - Haflinger, The Shockwave Rider

Shockwave Rider By Brunner There are numerous books on the science fiction market, that deal with the myriad of possibilities involving the technology of the future. John Brunner's book, "Shockwave Rider," is one of the most popular, as well as one of the most famous, books dealing with this issue. Brunner presents many different realities to the reader, and they are all potentially very realistic in terms of the current state of technology. For the most part, Brunner seems to illustrate that technology, as it relates to the world wide datanet, is a good thing. This is not to say that he does not illustrate it as a very negative reality in the world he presents to the reader, but he does indicate that the world wide datanet and technology has great potential to make the world a better place for all concerned. In Brunner's book we have a reality that is incredibly tense, and almost plausible today. The space that the author deals with is filled with endless bits of information (information overload to be more precise), corporate domination, and it appears, just like many science fiction books that deal with the planet earth in the future, everything is known about everyone. there are no secrets from the system. Brunner illustrates this as a reality that is not necessarily very desirable. He plants a character, Nickie Haflinger, onto the scene. As with many books we can look at this character and see the author within. Haflinger is a prodigy whose talents allow him to switch identities with a simple phone call. By the advanced technology and the ingenuity that is completely Haflinger's, we see that the author is not one to be content with the realities that may be a possibility in the future of technology. Brunner clearly illustrates, by the previous description of Haflinger, that technology and the advances within that field, are incredibly beneficial, or they can be. but he is clearly unhappy with the way things have turned out due to the controlling nature of the governments. This is further illustrated in the fact that Brunner's hero is a young man who is bent on changing the world. He struggles to evade the officials and uses all skills available to him, whether inherent skills or technological ones, to the best of his ability, to put an end to the misuse of power that is so much a part of his world which involves the entity of the world wide datanet. Perhaps, one of the most insightful parts of the book comes in the first half, when Haflinger is experiencing flashbacks due to interrogations. It is in these sections that we see the inner mind of Brunner as he deflty illustrates the world and mind of Haflinger. In this part we see many different ethical arguments arise between Haflinger and his interrogators. Not only does it seem as though Brunner is telling a fascinating story, but that he is attempting to enlighten people about the possibilities that may arise due to the growth of technology. He is clearly illustrating that this reality, although fictional, may well be close at hand. Who knows, but we may be able to access the Internet by telephone in just a few years. There seems to be no stopping this type of technology that is bent on bringing communication, and control along with it, to a level where anyone and everyone can become actively involved. These interrogations approach many difficult and intriguing questions. For example, if all the choices of a race are known, where does the freedom lie? Or if those choices, and their end result, can be easily assumed. If a society is so intricately interconnected, almost to the point where there is no individuality whatsoever, what happens when one man or woman stands apart from the crowd? We know full well how such individuals have been treated in a society where we claim to embrace the unique and free minded individual. But to envision such an individual in a place and time when nearly everyone was essentially identical, brings the reader to a position where the truth of such a future is quite stifling and evident. Anyone with any sense would not like to exist in such a world. Brunner is clearly indicating that such a world wide datanet would not be desirable at all. these are very real possibilities and as any good science fiction writer knows, the future is often illustrated as it might be, in an attempt to help eliminate the possibility. The